Test Bank for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition, 7E by Elliot Aronson, Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Beverly Fehr
ISBN-13:
9780135498699
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
What Is
Social Psychology?
The Power
of Social Interpretation
CONNECTIONS:
The Role of Construal in Conflict Negotiations
Social
Psychology, Science, and Common Sense
Social
Psychology Compared with Sociology
Social
Psychology Compared with Personality Psychology
TRY IT!
Social Situations and Behaviour
The Power
of the Situation
CONNECTIONS:
The Fundamental Attribution Error: When We Blame the Victims of Violence
The Power
of Social Interpretation
Where
Construals Come from: Basic Human Motives
The
Self-Esteem Approach: The Need to Feel Good about Ourselves
Justifying
Past Behaviour
Suffering
and Self-justification
The Social
Cognition Approach: The Need to Be Accurate
Social
Cognition
Social
Psychology and Social Problems
USE IT!
How Would You Use This?
Chapter
2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
Social
Psychology: An Empirical Science
TRY IT!
Social Psychology Quiz
Formulating
Hypotheses and Theories
Inspiration
from Earlier Theories and Research
Hypotheses
Based on Personal Observations
Research
Designs
The
Observational Method
Archival
Analysis
CONNECTIONS:
Using Observational Research to Develop Anti-Bullying Programs
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Archival Analysis: Body Image and the Media
The
Correlational Method
Surveys
CONNECTIONS:
Random Selection in Political Polls
Limits of
the Correlational Method: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
TRY IT!
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
The
Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions
Independent
and Dependent Variables
Internal
Validity in Experiments
External
Validity in Experiments
Generalizability
Across Situations
Generalizability
Across People
Field
Research
The Basic
Dilemma of the Social Psychologist
Replications
and Meta-analysis
Basic
versus Applied Research
New
Frontiers in Social Psychology
Culture
and Social Psychology
Social
Neuroscience
Ethical
Issues in Social Psychology
Guidelines
for Ethical Research
TRY IT!
How Would You Use This?
Chapter
3 Social Cognition: How We Think about the Social World
On
Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking
People as
Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking with Schemas
The
Function of Schemas: Why Do We Have Them?
Which
Schemas Are Applied? Accessibility and Priming
CONNECTIONS:
Do Schemas Affect What You Eat?
Making Our
Schemas Come True: the Self-fulfilling Prophecy
CONNECTIONS:
Do You Believe in Your Horoscope?
Types of
Automatic Thinking
Automatic
Thinking and Metaphors about the Body and Mind
Mental
Strategies and Shortcuts: Heuristics
How Easily
Does It Come to Mind? the Availability Heuristic
How
Similar Is a to B? the Representativeness Heuristic
TRY IT!
Reasoning Quiz
Cultural
Differences in Social Cognition
Cultural
Determinants of Schemas
Holistic
Versus Analytic Thinking
Controlled
Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking
Controlled
Thinking and Free Will
TRY IT!
Can You Predict Your (or Your Friend’s) Future?
Thinking
about What Might Have Been: Counterfactual Reasoning
Improving
Human Thinking
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How Would You Use This?
Chapter
4 Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People
Nonverbal
Communication
Facial
Expressions of Emotion
Are Facial
Expressions of Emotion Universal?
TRY IT!
How Many Universal Facial Expressions of Emotion Are There?
Cultural
Differences in the Perception of Facial Expressions
Why Is
Decoding Sometimes Difficult?
Other
Channels of Nonverbal Communication
CONNECTIONS:
The Email Dilemma: Communicating without Nonverbal Cues
First
Impressions: Quick but Long-Lasting
The
Lingering Influence of Initial Impressions
Implicit
Personality Theories: Filling in the Blanks
Culture
and Implicit Personality Theories
Causal
Attribution: Answering the “Why” Question
The Nature
of the Attribution Process
TRY IT!
Listen as People Make Attributions
The
Covariation Model: Internal versus External Attributions
The
Fundamental Attribution Error: People as Personality Psychologists
Blaming
the Victim: a Consequence of the Fundamental Attribu Tion Error
The Role
of Perceptual Salience in the Fundamental Attribution Error
The
Two-step Process of Making Attributions
Culture
and the Fundamental Attribution Error
Self-Serving
Attributions
TRY IT!
Self-Serving Attributions in the Sports Pages
Culture
and the Self-serving Bias
Defensive
Attributions
CONNECTIONS:
Attributional Biases: Present in the Courtroom?
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How Would You Use This?
Chapter
5 The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
The
Origins and Nature of the Self-Concept
The
Content of the Self: Self-Schemas
CONNECTIONS:
What Does Your Avatar Say about You?
Self-concept
Clarity
TRY IT! A
Measure of Self-Concept Clarity
Cultural
Differences in Defining the Self
Gender
Differences in Defining the Self
Self-Knowledge
Knowing
Ourselves through Introspection
TRY IT! A
Measure of Relational Interdependence
Focusing
on the Self: Self-Awareness Theory
Cultural
Differences in Self-awareness
Judging
Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More Than We Can Know
Knowing
Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behaviour
Intrinsic
versus Extrinsic Motivation
The
Overjustification Effect
Knowing
Ourselves through Other People
Seeing
Ourselves Through the Eyes of Others: the Looking-glass Self
Knowing
Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves with Others
Self-Control:
The Executive Function of the Self
Self-Esteem:
How We Evaluate Ourselves
Social
Comparison Revisited
CONNECTIONS:
Do Models Make Us Feel Bad about Ourselves?
Relationship
Social Comparisons
Social
Comparison and Culture
Social
Acceptance and Self-Esteem: Sociometer Theory
Self-Evaluation:
Biased or Accurate?
Self-Enhancement:
Wanting to Feel Good about Ourselves, Regardless of the Facts
Self-enhancement
and Culture
Self-Verification:
Wanting to Know the Truth about Ourselves
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Chapter
6 Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviour
The Nature
and Origin of Attitudes
Where Do
Attitudes Come from?
Affectively
Based Attitudes
Cognitively
Based Attitudes
TRY IT!
Affective and Cognitive Bases of Attitudes
Behaviourally
Based Attitudes
Explicit
versus Implicit Attitudes
When Do
Attitudes Predict Behaviour?
Predicting
Spontaneous Behaviours
Predicting
Deliberate Behaviours: The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Specific
Attitudes
Subjective
Norms
Perceived
Behavioural Control
CONNECTIONS:
Do You Text While Driving?
The Theory
of Planned Behaviour: Implications for Safer Sex
Subjective
Norms
Perceived
Behavioural Control
Behavioural
Intentions
How Do
Attitudes Change?
Persuasive
Communications and Attitude Change
The
Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion
Fear and
Attitude Change
Advertising
and Attitude Change
Tailoring
Advertisements to People’s Attitudes
Culture
and Advertising
Subliminal
Advertising: A Form of Mind Control?
Debunking
the Claims About Subliminal Advertising
Evidence
for Subliminal Influence in the Lab
TRY IT!
Advertising and Mind Control
Resisting
Persuasive Messages
Attitude
Inoculation
CONNECTIONS:
Does Attitude Inoculation Protect You from Engaging in Unhealthy Behaviours?
Being
Alert to Product Placement
Changing
Our Attitudes Because of Our Behaviour: The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Decisions,
Decisions, Decisions
The
Permanence of the Decision
The
Decision to Behave Immorally
The
Justification of Effort
Counterattitudinal
Behaviour
Using
Counterattitudinal Behaviour to Tackle Social Problems
The Power
of Mild Punishment
The
Aftermath of Bad Deeds
The
Hypocrisy Paradigm
Self-Affirmation
Theory
Dissonance,
Self-affirmation, and Culture
The Solar
Temple Revisited
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CLICK TO ACCESS: Test Bank for Social Psychology, Seventh Canadian Edition, 7E by Elliot Aronson,Timothy D. Wilson, Robin M. Akert, Beverly Fehr
Chapter
7 Conformity: Influencing Others
Conformity:
When and Why
Informational
Social Influence: The Need to Know What’s “Right”
When Do
People Conform to Informational Social Influence?
When the
Situation Is Ambiguous
When the
Situation Is a Crisis
When Other
People Are Experts
Resisting
Informational Social Influence
Normative
Social Influence: The Need to Be Accepted
Conformity
and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment Studies
When Will
People Conform to Normative Social Influence?
Strength
and Immediacy
Number
TRY IT!
Fashion: Normative Social Influence in Action
Other
Conditions under Which People Conform to Normative Social Influence
When the
Group Is Unanimous
Gender and
Conformity
When the
Group’s Culture Is Collectivist
The
Consequences of Normative Social Influence
Normative
Social Influence in Everyday Life
Normative
Social Influence and Women’s Body Image
CONNECTIONS:
Can Normative Social Influence Be Used to Reduce Students’ Binge Drinking?
TRY IT!
Body Image and the Media
Normative
Social Influence and Men’s Body Image
Minority
Influence: When the Few Influence the Many
Compliance:
Requests to Change Your Behaviour
The
Door-in-the-Face Technique
The
Foot-in-the-Door Technique
Lowballing
CONNECTIONS:
Do You Use “Reverse” Psychology?
Obedience
to Authority
The Role
of Normative Social Influence
The Role
of Informational Social Influence
Other
Reasons Why We Obey
Self-justification
It’s Not
About Aggression
Epilogue:
a Look at the Minority Who Disobeyed
USE IT!
How Would You Use This?
Chapter
8 Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
What Is a
Group?
Why Do
People Join Groups?
The
Composition and Functions of Groups
Social
Norms
Social
Roles
Gender
Roles
Group
Cohesiveness
TRY IT!
What Happens When You Violate a Role?
Group
Diversity
How Groups
Influence the Behaviour of Individuals
Social
Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us
Simple
Versus Difficult Tasks
Arousal
and the Dominant Response
Why the
Presence of Others Causes Arousal
Social
Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us
Gender and
Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most?
Deindividuation:
Getting Lost in the Crowd
CONNECTIONS:
Is There a Way to Combat Online Trolling?
Why Does
Deindividuation Lead to Impulsive Acts?
Group
Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?
Process
Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving
Failure to
Share Unique Information
Groupthink:
Many Heads, One Mind
CONNECTIONS:
Were the Boeing 737 MAX 8 Plane Crashes the Result of Groupthink?
Avoiding
the Groupthink Trap
Group
Polarization: Going to Extremes
TRY IT!
Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire
Leadership
in Groups
Leadership
and Personality
Leadership
Styles
Leadership:
the Right Person in the Right Situation
Gender and
Leadership
Conflict
and Cooperation
Social
Dilemmas
TRY IT!
The Prisoner’s Dilemma
Increasing
Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma
Using
Threats to Resolve Conflict
Effects of
Communication
Negotiation
and Bargaining
USE IT!
How Would You Use This?
Chapter
9 Attraction and Relationships: From First Impressions to Close Relationships
What
Causes Attraction?
The Person
Next Door: The Propinquity Effect
TRY IT!
Mapping the Effect of Propinquity in Your Life
Similarity
Reciprocal
Liking
Physical
Attractiveness
What Is
Attractive?
Cultural
Standards of Beauty
Assumptions
About Attractive People
Attraction
and the Misattribution of Arousal
Making
Connections in the Digital World
Making
Connections with Friends
Making
Connections with Romantic Partners
Forming
Close Relationships
Defining
Love
Companionate
Versus Passionate Love
TRY IT!
The Passionate Love Scale
“ordinary”
People’s Definition of Love
Gender and
Love
Culture
and Love
Why Do We
Love?
Evolutionary
Explanations of Love
CONNECTIONS:
Does Your Face Reveal Your “Intentions”?
Attachment
Styles and Intimate Relationships
Multiple
Attachment Representations
Maintaining
Close Relationships
Social
Exchange Theories
Equity
Theory
Exchange
Versus Communal Relationships
The Role
of Commitment in Maintaining Relationships
Commitment
and Resisting Attractive Alternatives
Commitment
and Forgiveness
CONNECTIONS:
How Vulnerable Are You to Having Your Partner “Stolen”?
The Role
of Positive Illusions
Self-Expansion
and Relationship Maintenance
Ending
Close Relationships
Why
Relationships End
The
Process of Breaking Up
The
Experience of Breaking Up
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Chapter
10 Prosocial Behaviour: Why Do People Help?
Why Do
People Help?
Evolutionary
Psychology: Instincts and Genes
Kin
Selection
TRY IT!
Does the Reciprocity Norm Increase Helping?
The
Reciprocity Norm
Learning
Social Norms
Social
Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping
Empathy
and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping
Personal
Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
Individual
Differences: The Altruistic Personality
Gender
Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
Socioeconomic
Status Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
Cultural
Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
CONNECTIONS:
Why Being Rich Might Make You a Jerk
Religion
and Prosocial Behaviour
The
Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behaviour
Effects of
Positive Moods: Feel Good, Do Good
CONNECTIONS:
Does “Do Good, Feel Good” Apply to Spending Money on Others?
Negative-state
Relief: Feel Bad, Do Good
Situational
Determinants of Prosocial Behaviour: When Will People Help?
Environment:
Rural versus Urban
Residential
Mobility
Bystander
Intervention: The Latané and Darley Model
Noticing
an Event
Interpreting
the Event as an Emergency
Assuming
Responsibility
Knowing
How to Help
Deciding
to Implement Help
How Can
Helping Be Increased?
Increasing
the Likelihood That Bystanders Will Intervene
Can
Playing Prosocial Video Games and Listening to Prosocial Music Lyrics Increase
Helpfulness?
Instilling
Helpfulness with Rewards and Models
TRY IT!
The Lost Letter Technique
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Chapter
11 Aggression: Why We Hurt Other People
Is
Aggression Innate, Learned, or Optional?
The
Evolutionary Approach to Aggression
Aggression
Among Animals
Culture
and Aggression
Cultures
of Honour
Gender and
Aggression
Learning
to Behave Aggressively
Physiological
and Chemical Influences on Aggression
Alcohol
and Aggression
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