Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin

ISBN-13: 9781071807309

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Understanding Brain-Behavior Relationships

• Brain-Behavior Relationships: From Holes in the Head to Brain Imaging

Introduction

Module 1.1. What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?

1.1.1 The Study of Brain-Behavior Relationships

The Importance of Environment and Experience

1.1.2 A Quick Look at the Brain

General Structure and Views of the Brain

Brain Cells

• IT’S A MYTH! Left Brained/Right Brained

1.1.3 Levels of Analysis: Putting Brain-Behavior Relationships in Perspective

1.1.4 A Closer Look at the Molecular Level: Genetics

How Genes Are Transmitted From Parent to Offspring

Behavioral Genetics

Epigenetics

Module 1.2. The Evolution of Brain-Behavior Relationships

1.2.1 Natural Selection

1.2.2 Neuroecology: How Natural Selection Accounts for Brain-Behavior Relationships

Module 1.3. The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience

1.3.1 Antiquity

The Egyptians

The Greeks

1.3.2 The Mind-Body Problem

1.3.3 Localization of Function

Localization of Language

Motor Representations in the Cortex

Module 1.4. Studying Brain-Behavior Relationships Today

1.4.1 Brain-Damaged Patients and Structural Brain Imaging

1.4.2 Lesioning, Stimulating, and Measuring the Brain’s Activity

Manipulation Techniques

Lesions

Brain Stimulation

Temporary Inactivation

Measurement Techniques

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography

Electroencephalography

Electrophysiological Measurements

1.4.3 Fields of Study Related to Behavioral Neuroscience

Who Is Interested in Findings From Behavioral Neuroscience?

• APPLICATIONS: Brain Imaging as a Lie Detector: Not So Fast!

CHAPTER 2. Neurons and Glia

• The Black Mamba: A Potentially Deadly Encounter

Introduction

Module 2.1. Putting Neurons Into Context

2.1.1 The Place of Neurons Within the Body

2.1.2 Cell Theory and the Neuron Doctrine

2.1.3 Studying Neurons

2.1.4 The Number of Neurons and Glia in the Brain

• IT’S A MYTH! No New Neurons

Module 2.2. The Structure of Neurons

2.2.1 The Prototypical Neuron

The Structure of Neurons

The Soma (or Cell Body)

Dendrites

The Axon

Axon Terminals

The Myelin Sheath

The Neuronal Membrane

The Cytoskeleton

Axoplasmic Transport

2.2.2 The Diversity of Neurons

Differences in Function

Morphological Variations

Variations in Dendrite Architecture

Variations in Neurotransmitter Type

Diversity in Neurons Across Species

Module 2.3. The Action Potential

2.3.1 A Little Bit of Chemistry

Diffusion and Electrostatic Pressure: Two Forces of Nature in Action

The Resting Membrane Potential, Voltage, and Conductivity

The Equilibrium Potential

2.3.2 Initiation of Action Potentials

2.3.3 Propagation of Action Potentials

Module 2.4. Glia

2.4.1 Putting Glia Into Context

2.4.2 The Functions of Glia

Microglia

Macroglia

• APPLICATIONS: Optogenetics

CHAPTER 3. The Synapse, Neurotransmitters, Drugs, and Addiction

• A Chemical Attack

Introduction

Module 3.1. The Synapse

3.1.1 What Is a Synapse?

3.1.2 What Occurs at a Synapse?

Presynaptic Events

Postsynaptic Events

Ionotropic Receptors

Metabotropic Receptors

Neurotransmitter Removal

3.1.3 Synaptic Integration

Postsynaptic Potentials

Summation

3.1.4 The Varieties of Synapses

Are Synapses Chemical or Electrical?

Synapses Within the Reflex Arc

The Neuromuscular Junction

The Electrical Synapse

Module 3.2. Neurotransmitters

3.2.1 What Are Neurotransmitters?

3.2.2 Neurotransmitter Systems: Pathways, Functions, and Receptors

Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters

• IT’S A MYTH! Dopamine Is the “Pleasure Neurotransmitter”

Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters

Module 3.3. Drugs and Drug Addiction

3.3.1 What Is a Drug?

3.3.2 Drug Addiction

Tolerance and Withdrawal

3.3.3 Neurobiological Models of Drug Addiction

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Incentive-Salience Theory

Animal Models of Addiction

3.3.4 Mechanisms of Action of Commonly Abused Drugs

Nicotine

Alcohol and Other Depressants

Alcohol

Other Sedative-Hypnotics (Benzodiazepines, Non-Benzodiazepine Sleep Medications, and Barbiturates)

Marijuana

Opioids

Other Stimulants (Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Methamphetamine)

• APPLICATIONS: Pharmacological Treatments for Drug Addiction

CLICK TO ACCESS: Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin

CHAPTER 4. The Nervous System

• Carolyn Pioro: From Trapeze Artist to Quadriplegic

Introduction

Module 4.1. Central Nervous System Development

4.1.1 Gastrulation

4.1.2 Neurulation

4.1.3 Differentiation of the Neural Tube Into the Primary Brain Vesicles

• IT’S A MYTH! Vaccines Cause Autism

Module 4.2. The Fully Developed Brain

4.2.1 The Structures and Functions of the Forebrain: The Telencephalon

The Forebrain (Telencephalon)

The Frontal Lobes

The Parietal Lobes

The Temporal Lobes

The Occipital Lobes

Subcortical Structures

The Basal Ganglia

The Hippocampus

The Amygdala

4.2.2 The Structures and Functions of the Forebrain: The Diencephalon

The Thalamus

The Hypothalamus

4.2.3 The Midbrain and the Hindbrain

Tectum

Tegmentum

The Hindbrain

4.2.4 The Spinal Cord

4.2.5 The Protected Brain

The Meninges

The Cerebrospinal Fluid

The Blood-Brain Barrier

4.2.6 Hemispheric Specialization

Cerebral Dominance

Split-Brain Patients

Handedness

Module 4.3. The Peripheral Nervous System

4.3.1 The Somatic Nervous System

The Reflex Arc

4.3.2 The Autonomic Nervous System

The Cranial Nerves

• APPLICATIONS: Powered Exoskeletons in the Rehabilitation of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury

CHAPTER 5. Neurodevelopment, Neuroplasticity, and Aging

• Massive Cortical Reorganization: The Case of Zion Harvey

Introduction

Module 5.1. Neurodevelopment

5.1.1 Neurogenesis, Cell Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, and Synaptogenesis

Differentiation

Axon Guidance

The Growth Cone

Growth Cone Motility

Synaptogenesis

• IT’S A MYTH! It’s Okay to Have a Drink While Pregnant

Myelination

5.1.2 Adult Neurogenesis

Module 5.2. Neuroplasticity

5.2.1 What Is Neuroplasticity?

5.2.2 Structural Remodeling

Environmental Enrichment

Learning

Environmental Stress

5.2.3 Synaptic Plasticity

5.2.4 Cortical Plasticity

Functional Plasticity

Structural Plasticity

Compensatory Enhancement of Senses

5.2.5 When Cortical Plasticity Goes Overboard

Module 5.3. The Aging Brain: Adolescence and Old Age

5.3.1 The Adolescent Brain and Behavior

5.3.2 Normal Aging of the Brain

Normal Aging of the Brain

Explanations for Cognitive Declines Observed During Aging

Aging and Neurogenesis

5.3.3 Disease in the Aging Brain

What Goes on in the Brain During Alzheimer’s Disease?

The Amyloid Hypothesis

Problems With the Amyloid Hypothesis

The Metabolism Hypothesis

• APPLICATIONS: Exercise and Neurogenesis: “Mens Sana in Corpore Sano”

CHAPTER 6. Sensation and Perception 1: Vision and Hearing

• Color-Coded Confusion

Introduction

Module 6.1. Vision

6.1.1 The Beginnings of an Image

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Human Eye

Accommodation

Cellular Organization of the Early Visual System

Rods and Cones

6.1.2 Phototransduction

6.1.3 Acuity and Sensitivity

6.1.4 Receptive Fields

Lateral Inhibition

6.1.5 Color Vision

The Trichromatic Theory

Color Deficiencies

• IT’S A MYTH! Dogs See the World in Black and White

Opponent Process Theory

6.1.6 Visual Processing Beyond the Retina

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Color Opponent Cells

Information Processing in the Visual Cortex

The “What” and “Where” of Vision

Module 6.2. Hearing

6.2.1 Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound

Physical Dimensions of Sound

Perceptual Dimensions of Sound

6.2.2 The Ear

The Cochlea

The Basilar Membrane

Hair Cells

6.2.3 Auditory Processing Beyond the Basilar Membrane

The “What” and “Where” of Hearing

• APPLICATIONS: The Cochlear Implant

CHAPTER 7. Sensation and Perception 2: Taste, Smell, and Touch

• A Sommelier’s Nightmare

Introduction

Module 7.1. Taste

7.1.1 What Is Taste and What Is It Made Of?

7.1.2 Gustatory Chemoreceptors

Papillae

Taste Buds

7.1.3 Taste Receptor Cells and Their Mechanisms

Taste Receptor Cells

Mechanisms for Sweet, Umami, and Bitter Taste Perceptions

Mechanisms for Salty and Sour Taste Perceptions

• IT’S A MYTH! The Tongue Map

7.1.4 Taste Perception: Beyond Taste Receptor Cells

Module 7.2. Smell

7.2.1 What Is Smell and What Is It Made Of?

7.2.2 Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Transduction Mechanism in Olfactory Receptor Neurons

7.2.3 Beyond the Olfactory Bulb

Processing of Olfactory Information in the Cortex

The Entorhinal Cortex

The Orbitofrontal Cortex, the Amygdala, and the Hypothalamus

7.2.4 Pheromones

What Are Pheromones?

Do Humans Use Pheromones?

Module 7.3. Touch

7.3.1 What Is Touch and What Is It Made Of?

7.3.2 Mechanoreceptors

Receptor Resolution

Two-Point Discrimination Test

7.3.3 Conduction and Mechanoreceptors

7.3.4 Beyond Mechanoreceptors

The Somatosensory Cortex

The Ascending Tracts

Dermatomes

7.3.5 Pain

Beyond Nociceptors: The Nociceptive Pathway

Gate Control Theory of Pain

• APPLICATIONS: Electronic Taste Stimulation

CHAPTER 8. Sensorimotor Systems

• Ian Waterman’s Sensory Neuropathy

Introduction

Module 8.1. This Is What Makes You Move

8.1.1 Muscles and Muscle Contraction

Flexors, Extensors, Abductors, and Adductors

8.1.2 Innervation of Muscle Cells

8.1.3 How Muscles Contract

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

Module 8.2. Spinal Control of Movement

8.2.1 Spinal Reflexes

The Stretch Reflex

Autogenic Inhibition Reflex

8.2.2 Motor Programs

Module 8.3. Cortical Control of Movement and Sensorimotor Integration

8.3.1 Proprioception

8.3.2 The Descending Pathways

The Direct Pathway

The Indirect Pathways

The Tectospinal Tract

The Vestibulospinal Tract

The Rubrospinal Tract

The Reticulospinal Tract

8.3.3 Anatomy of Voluntary Movement

Prefrontal Cortex

Primary Motor Cortex

An Ethological Action Map

An Ethological Action Map in the Human Primary Cortex

Evidence From Electrophysiological Recordings

Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area

Mirror Neurons: Linking Perception With Action

Mirror Neurons in Humans

Parietal Cortex

The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum

The Basal Ganglia

The Cerebellum

• IT’S A MYTH! Muscle Memory

The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum: Putting It All Together

8.3.4 Putting It All Together

• APPLICATIONS: Brain-Machine Interface

CHAPTER 9. Motivation: Theories, Temperature Regulation, Energy Balance, and Sleep

• Fatal Familial Insomnia

Introduction

Module 9.1. Theories of Motivation

9.1.1 What Is Motivation?

9.1.2 Need Reduction Theory

9.1.3 Arousal Theory

Arousal Levels and Personality

Understanding High Sensation Seeking

9.1.4 Pleasure Seeking and Reward

Prediction Error

Incentive-Salience Theory

Module 9.2. Physiological Mechanisms

9.2.1 Temperature Regulation

Thermoregulatory Circuits in the Nervous System

9.2.2 Energy Balance, Hunger, and Eating

Energy Homeostasis

The Neurochemistry of Hunger and Satiety

Hunger or What Makes You Start Eating

Satiety or What Makes You Stop Eating

Homeostatic Feeding Interacts With Nonhomeostatic Feeding

Module 9.3. Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness

9.3.1 What Is Sleep?

Sleep Stages

9.3.2 Homeostatic and Circadian Influences on Sleep and Wakefulness

Homeostatic Influences

Circadian Influences

What Controls Circadian Rhythms?

9.3.3 The Neurochemistry and Physiology of Wakefulness and Sleep

The Neurochemistry of Wakefulness and Sleep

The Physiology of Wakefulness and Sleep

• IT’S A MYTH! Dreams Represent Hidden Motives and Conflicts

• APPLICATIONS: Altering Brain-Satiety Signals for Weight Loss

CHAPTER 10. Hormones: Social and Reproductive Behavior

• Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids: What’s With All the Rage?

Introduction

Module 10.1. What Are Hormones?

10.1.1 Hormones and Their Discovery

A Bit of History

10.1.2 Types of Hormones and the Roles of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary

The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus

10.1.3 Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids

10.1.4 The Actions of Specific Pituitary Hormones

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Module 10.2. Hormones and Behavior

10.2.1 Social Behavior

Social Recognition

Pair Bonding

Parenting

10.2.2 Sexual and Reproductive Behavior

The Female Reproductive Cycle and Behavior

Male Reproductive Behavior

Human Reproductive Behavior

• IT’S A MYTH! All Women Get PMS

Module 10.3. Organizing Effects of Hormones and Sexual Orientation

10.3.1 The Organizing Effects of Hormones

Organizing Effects of Hormones in the Developing Brain

10.3.2 Sexual Orientation

Differences in Brain Structures

• APPLICATIONS: Hormone Replacement Therapy

CLICK TO ACCESS: Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin

CHAPTER 11. Emotions

• Murder, the Brain, and the Law

Introduction

Module 11.1. What Are Emotions?

11.1.1 Emotions, Emotional Experience, and Emotional Expression

11.1.2 Theories of Emotions

Evolutionary Theory

The James-Lange Theory

The Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory

Emotions Are Induced Partly by Patterns of Bodily Change

Discrete and Dimensional Theories of Emotions

The Theory of Constructed Emotions

Module 11.2. Emotions: Where in the Brain?

11.2.1 Emotional Networks in the Brain

The Papez Circuit

11.2.2 Emotions and the Amygdala

• IT’S A MYTH! The Amygdala Is Dedicated to Fear

11.2.3 Emotions and the Amygdala in Humans

Module 11.3. Emotions and Decision Making: Beyond the Amygdala

11.3.1 The Prefrontal Cortex

11.3.2 The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis

The Iowa Gambling Task

Module 11.4. Aggression

11.4.1 What Is Aggression?

11.4.2 Aggression in the Brain

11.4.3 Aggression: Testosterone, Cortisol, and Serotonin

• APPLICATIONS: Implicit Bias

CHAPTER 12. Memory and Memory Systems

• A Prodigious Memory: The Case of AJ

Introduction

Module 12.1. Memory and Memory Systems

12.1.1 What Is Memory?

12.1.2 The Stages of Memory

12.1.3 The Registers of Memory

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

12.1.4 Working Memory and the Brain

Module 12.2. Long-Term Memory

12.2.1 What Is Long-Term Memory?

Nondeclarative Memory

12.2.2 The Neuroanatomy of Long-Term Memory

Declarative Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Module 12.3. Memory Consolidation

12.3.1 What Is Memory Consolidation?

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation

Evidence of Memory Consolidation in Animals

Cellular and Systems Consolidation

12.3.2 Theories of Memory Consolidation

The Standard Model

Multiple-Trace Theory

More Recent Consolidation Theories

Reconsolidation

Module 12.4. Navigating Through Space: Spatial Memory

12.4.1 What Is Spatial Memory? The Hippocampus as a Navigational Device

12.4.2 Cells for Space: An Internal GPS

Place Cells

Head-Direction Cells

Grid Cells

Border Cells

Putting It All Together

Spatial Memory and the Hippocampus in Humans

• IT’S A MYTH! Cannabis Is Harmless

12.4.3 The Hippocampus and Nonspatial Memory

Module 12.5. Learning: The Acquisition of Memories

12.5.1 What Is Learning?

12.5.2 Nonassociative Learning

Habituation and Sensitization in the Sea Slug

12.5.3 Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning

12.5.4 Synaptic Plasticity: Neurons That Wire Together Fire Together

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Long-Term Depression (LTD)

Effects of LTP and LTD at the Synapse

Two Forms of LTP

LTD: Why Would the Strength of Synapses Need to Be Weakened?

• APPLICATIONS: Reconsolidation in the Treatment of Conditioned Fears

CHAPTER 13. Attention and Consciousness

• Unresponsive Wakefulness: The Case of Terri Schiavo

Introduction

Module 13.1. Attention

13.1.1 What Is Attention?

Endogenous and Exogenous Attention

Spatial, Object, and Feature Attention

13.1.2 Concepts in the Study of Attention

The Cocktail Party Effect

Early- Versus Late-Selection Models

Visual Search

Feature Integration Theory

13.1.3 Attention: Where in the Brain?

The Dorsal-Frontoparietal System and the Ventral-Frontoparietal System

The Thalamus

13.1.4 Disorders of Attention

Balint Syndrome

Unilateral Neglect

Module 13.2. Consciousness

13.2.1 What Is Consciousness?

Is the Mind Like a Computer?

Why Study Consciousness?

13.2.2 The Problems of Consciousness

13.2.3 The Neural Correlates and Contents of Consciousness

Blindsight

Binocular Rivalry

13.2.4 A Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness

Global Workspace Theory

13.2.5 Disorders of Consciousness

Coma

Unresponsive Wakefulness

• IT’S A MYTH! General Anesthesia: It’s Just Like Going to Sleep

13.2.6 Hidden Consciousness

13.2.7 Free Will

• APPLICATIONS: Cellphone Use While Driving: Just Don’t Do It!

CHAPTER 14. Psychological Disorders

• Recalculate Your Possibilities

Introduction

Module 14.1. What Is a Psychological Disorder?

14.1.1 Defining Psychological Disorder

14.1.2 The Interacting Factors Behind Psychological Disorders

The Study of Gene-Environment Interactions

Module 14.2. Anxiety Disorders and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

14.2.1 Anxiety, Fear, and Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety

Fear

Anxiety Disorders

14.2.2 The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety: Beyond the Fear Circuit

Neurotransmitters

14.2.3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

14.2.4 The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Neurotransmitters

Module 14.3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

14.3.1 What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

14.3.2 The Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

OCD Circuit in the Brain

OCD and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Neurotransmitters

Module 14.4. Major Depressive Disorder

14.4.1 What Is Major Depressive Disorder?

14.4.2 The Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorder

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Neuroinflammation

Neurotransmitters in MDD and Antidepressant Medication

Beyond the Monoamine Hypothesis

Module 14.5. Schizophrenia

14.5.1 What Is Schizophrenia?

Positive and Negative Symptoms

14.5.2 The Neurobiology of Schizophrenia

Neurotransmitters

Hallucinations and Alterations in Brain Connectivity

• IT’S A MYTH! Mental Illness = Chemical Imbalance

• APPLICATIONS: Neuromodulation and the Treatment of Depression

CHAPTER 15. Social Neuroscience

• Extreme Altruism

Introduction

Module 15.1. What Is Social Neuroscience?

15.1.1 Social Neuroscience: The Chicken or the Egg?

15.1.2 The Social-Neuroscientific Perspective

Module 15.2. Self-Awareness

15.2.1 What Is Self-Awareness?

15.2.2 Self-Awareness: Where in the Brain?

Module 15.3. Theory of Mind and Empathy

15.3.1 What Is Theory of Mind?

The Development of Theory of Mind

15.3.2 Theory of Mind: Where in the Brain?

Modularity Theories

Modularity: Where in the Brain?

Simulation Theories

Simulation: Where in the Brain?

Executive Theory

Executive Theory: Where in the Brain?

15.3.3 Empathy

Emotional Empathy and the Brain

Cognitive Empathy and the Brain

• IT’S A MYTH! Autism: Lack of Empathy and the Broken-Mirror Theory

Module 15.4. Social Pain

15.4.1 Two Dimensions of Physical Pain

15.4.2 Social Pain: Does It Really Hurt?

Social Pain/Physical Pain Overlap Theory (SPOT)

Module 15.5. Altruism

15.5.1 What Is Altruism?

15.5.2 Altruism: Where in the Brain?

The Joy of Giving

Module 15.6. Cooperation and Trust

15.6.1 Game Theory

The Prisoner’s Dilemma

The Trust Game

15.6.2 Game Theory and the Brain?

• APPLICATIONS: Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing

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