Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition, 4e by Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton
Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition, 4e by Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous
System
What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System: Neurons
and Glia
Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain “Geography”
Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System
Medulla: Control of Basic Functions
Midbrain: Orienting by Sound and Sight
Hypothalamus: Maintaining the Body’s Equilibrium
Thalamus: Gateway to the Cortex
Major Subcortical Systems: The Basal Ganglia and the
Limbic System
A Closer Look at Neurons
Electrochemical Signaling in the Nervous System
In Focus: Can Herbs Really Improve Your Memory,
Attention, and Mood?
A Closer Look at the Cerebral Cortex
Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices
Summary
Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives
Ancient Times Until the 1800s
The Twentieth Century: Heyday of the Lesion Method
Single-Case Versus Group Studies
Inferences That Can Be Drawn From the Lesion Method
Limitations of the Lesion Method
The 1960s, 70s, and 80s
Studies With Nonhuman Animals
In Focus: Discovery of the “Homunculus”
Electrophysiological Methods
Disconnection Syndromes
Hemispheric Specialization: Left Brain, Right Brain
In Focus: Left Out? Lateralization in
Non-Right-Handers
The 1980s and 90s: The Advent of Brain Imaging
Anatomical Methods: Computerized Axial Tomography
Functional Methods: Positron Emission Tomography
The Twenty-First Century: The Brain Imaging Revolution
Summary
Chapter 3 Methods
Introduction
Participant Populations
Clinical Populations
Neurologically Intact Individuals
Techniques for Analyzing Behavior
The Role of Cognitive Theories
Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged Populations
Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy: Structural
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI)
The Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Regional Brain Structure
Anatomical Connectivity
Techniques for Revealing Where in the Brain Activity
Is Occurring
Neurochemical Methods: Positron Emission Tomography
and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Oxygen-Related Methods: Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI)
In Focus: Participating in a Functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Study
Electromagnetic Recording Methods
Electroencephalography
Event-Related Potentials
Optical Recording Methods
Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Multilevel and Multi-Modal Approaches
Combining Computational and Neuroimaging Approaches
Summary
Part II Neural Bases of Mental Functions
Chapter 4 Motor Control
Introduction
Peripheral Control of Movement
Brain Structures Involved in Motor Control
Subcortical Regions
Cortical Regions
Integrated Models of the Motor System
In Focus: Using Brain Activation to Control Prosthetic
Limbs
Subcortical Motor Disorders
Cortical Motor Disorders
Summary
Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception
Pathways From the Retina to the Brain
The Tectopulvinar Pathway
The Geniculostriate Pathway
Layers of the LGN
Retinotopic Mapping in the LGN
Feedback Connections to the LGN
Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
Organization of Striate Cortex
Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex
Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex
In Focus: Seeing What’s Not There: Visual Illusions
and the Striate Cortex
Visual Areas Beyond the Striate Cortex
Multiple Maps of the Visual World
Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color?
Blindsight and the Visual Pathways
Divergence into the “What” and “Where” Pathways
Auditory Processing
Computational Problems in Audition
Organization of the Auditory Pathways
Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location
Organization of Auditory Cortex
Auditory–Visual Interactions
Conclusions
Summary
CLICK TO ACCESS: Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition, 4e by Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton
Chapter 6 Object Recognition
The “What” Ventral Visual System
Deficits in Visual Object Recognition
Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias
Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces
Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition
Theoretical Issues in Visual Object Recognition
Sparse Versus Population Coding for Objects
The Problem of Invariance in Recognition
Feature-Based Versus Configural Coding of Objects
Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More
Special Than Others?
Object Recognition in Tactile and Auditory Modalities
Agnosias in Other Modalities
Tactile Object Recognition
Auditory Object Recognition
What Versus Where Across Modalities
In Focus: Visual Imagery: Seeing Objects With the
Mind’s Eye
Summary
Chapter 7 Spatial Cognition
The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Cognition
Anatomy of the Dorsal Stream
Cellular Properties in the Dorsal Stream
Coding for the Three Dimensions of Space
Distinguishing Left from Right
Depth Perception
Spatial Frames of Reference
Neural Coding of Reference Frames
Dissociability of Reference Frames
Categorical Versus Coordinate Spatial Relations
Motion Perception
Specific Neural Regions for Motion Perception
Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion
Space and Action
Constructional Abilities
Optic Ataxia
Neural Mechanisms for Sensory-Motor Integration
Spatial Navigation
In Focus: Are Numbers Spatial?
Navigational Skills
Neural Coding of Spatial Environments
Challenges to the Dorsal–Ventral Stream Dichotomy
Summary
Chapter 8 Language
Brain Systems for Auditory Language
Classic Neurological Conceptions
Psycholinguistic Perspectives
Evidence From Double Dissociations
Language Processing From a Network Perspective
Visual “Spoken” Language
Basic Structure of American Sign Language (ASL)
Neural Organization of ASL
In Focus: Brain Organization in Bilinguals
Neurological Bases for Visual Language Processing
Evidence From Studies of Patients With Brain Damage
Converging Evidence from Other Research Methods
Processing of Non-Indo-European Languages and Other
Symbolic Systems
Kana and Kanji
Music
Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language Processing
Prosody
Semantics
Narrative, Inference, and Metaphor
Summary
Chapter 9 Memory and Learning
What is Memory?
Hippocampal Damage Causes Amnesia, a Disorder of
Long-Term Memory
Global Nature of the Deficit
Temporal Profile of Affected Memories
Spared Abilities
Multiple Memory and Learning Systems
What Distinguishes Memory Systems?
Memory and Consciousness
Nonhippocampal Regions Involved in Memory and Learning
Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions: Initial
Processing and Subsequent Access
The Basal Ganglia: Skill Learning
The Amygdala: An Interface Between Memory and Emotion
Anterior Temporal Regions: Amodal Storage of Semantic
Information
Brain Systems For Different Stages of Memory
Encoding: The Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal
Regions
Consolidation and Storage: How Critical Is the
Hippocampus?
Retrieval: Hippocampal, Prefrontal, and Parietal
Mechanisms
In Focus: Does Sleep Help You to Remember?
Working Memory: The Ability to Hold and Manipulate
Information On-Line
Patients With Deficits in Working Memory
Studies With Nonhuman Animals: A Role for Prefrontal
Cortex?
Insights From Neurologically Intact Individuals
The Relationships Between Memory Systems
Theoretical and Computational Reasons for Distinct
Memory Systems
Interacting Memory Systems for Different Types and
Stages of Learning
Summary
Chapter 10 Attention
What Is “Attention”?
Brain Structures Mediating Arousal
Brain Structures Mediating Vigilance and Sustained
Attention
Selective Attention
The Time Course of Attentional Selection
Brain Regions Mediating Selective Attention
Sources and Sites of Attentional Control
Neural Mechanisms of Selection: Biased Competition
Neural Bases of Divided Attention
In Focus: Pay Attention to the Road!
Network Models of Attentional Control
A Distributed but Overlapping Network
Altering, Orienting, and Executive Attention
Selection of Goals Versus Detection of Behaviorally
Relevant Stimuli
The Default Network: The Lack of Attention or Internal
Attention?
Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects
Clinical Features
Theories Regarding the Underlying Deficit
Treatment
Hemineglect: Implications for Understanding
Brain–Behavior Relationships
Attention Based on Objects
Hemispheric Differences in Attentional Control
Processing of Unattended Stimuli
Consciousness
Summary
CLICK TO ACCESS: Test Bank for Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition, 4e by Marie T. Banich, Rebecca J. Compton
Chapter 11 Executive Function and
Higher-Order Thinking
Theoretical Perspectives
Controlled Versus Automatic Processes
Goal-Centered Processing
Multifactor Models
Goal-Directed Behaviors
Initiation of Behavior
Creation and Maintenance of a Goal or Task Set
Sequencing and Planning
Shifting Set and Modifying Strategies
Self-Monitoring and Evaluation
Inhibition
In Focus: Can You Inhibit a Memory?
Higher-Order Thinking
Abstract and Conceptual Thinking
Rules and Inference
Response to Novelty
Judgment and Decision Making
Organization of the Brain for Executive Function
A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive
Function
Summary
Chapter 12 Emotion
Subcortical Contributions to Emotion
Fight-or-Flight Response
Fear and Emotional Learning
Reward and Motivation
In Focus: The Pleasure of Music
Cortical Contributions to Emotion
Representing Bodily Cues of Emotion
Integrating Emotion and Action
Incorporating Emotion into Decision Making
Regulating Emotion
Communicating and Interpreting Emotional Signals
Models of Emotional Experience
Summary
Chapter 13 Social Cognition
Social Influence
Conformity
Social Norm Compliance
Understanding Other Minds
Imitation and Simulation
Theory of Mind
Empathy
Self Versus Other
Autism and Social Cognition
In Focus: The Pain of Rejection
Perceiving and Judging Social Groups
In-group–Out-group Effects
Stereotyping and Prejudice
Stereotype Threat
Summary
Part III Broader Applications
Chapter 14 Psychopathology
Schizophrenia
Symptoms and Features
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Disruption in Functional Connectivity
What Causes Schizophrenia?
Implications for Treatment
Depression
Symptoms and Features
Frontal Lobe
Posterior Cortical Regions
Functional Connectivity Among Cortical Regions
Subcortical Regions
Therapeutic Interventions
In Focus: Can Your Genes Make You Unhappy?
Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms and Features
Amygdala and Hippocampus
Cortical Regions
Action Systems in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Substance Abuse and Addiction
Reward Pathways
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Other Brain Regions Implicated in Addiction
Conclusions and Caveats
Summary
Chapter 15 Brain Development and
Plasticity
Development of the Brain
Changes in the Brain During Childhood
Changes in the Brain During Adolescence
Influence of the Environment on the Developing Brain
Developmental Disorders
Intellectual Disability
Dyslexia
Autism
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Brain Plasticity in Adulthood
Recovery of Function Following Brain Damage
Neurophysiological Responses to Insult
Regional Mechanisms for Recovery of Function
Recovery of Function in Adults
Recovery of Function in Children
In Focus: Can Deprivation in One Sensory Modality
Promote Extraordinary Abilities in Another?
Changes in the Brain With Aging
Cognitive Changes With Aging
Neural Changes With Aging
Slowing the Effects of Aging
Summary
Chapter 16 Generalized Cognitive Disorders
Closed Head Injury
Etiology
Neuropsychological Consequences
Intervention
In Focus: Closed Head Injury and Sports
Dementing Diseases
Cortical Dementias
Subcortical Dementias
Mixed-Variety Dementias
Multiple Sclerosis
Epilepsy
Disorders of Conscious Awareness
Summary
Chapter 17 Cognitive Neuroscience and
Society
Public Perceptions of Neuroscience
Neuroscience and Education
Neuroscience and Social Inequality
Neuroscience and the Law
In Focus: Can Brain Imaging Detect Lies?
Neuroscience and Performance Optimization
Neuroscience and the Marketplace
The Neuroscience of Morality
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